Chapter 9 Grammar Summary

I. NOUS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION - Words whose genitive singular ends in -is belong to the third declension of nouns in Latin. Examples: canis, canis; mōns, montis; dēns, dentis; pāstor, pāstōris. Nouns of the third declension may be masculine, feminine or neuter. Learn the gender as each new word appears. In chapter 9 we are learning the masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension. A chart:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	------------	-ēs
Accusative	-em	-ēs
Genitive	-is	-um (-ium)
Dative	-ī	-ibus
Ablative	-e	-ibus

A. Note: The nominative singular has no distinctive ending and varies in spelling from word to word. Be careful to learn the genitive singular. From this form you will have the correct spelling for the stem of the noun. Take away the -is ending from the genitive singular form and add to the remaining stem all other endings for the third declension. In these examples the nominative and genitive are given, with the stem being underlined: pāstor, pāstōris; mōns, montis; dēns, dentis; canis, canis; sōl, sōlis.

B. English derivatives may help you remember the genitive spelling, as most English words are derived from the spelling of the stem: e.g., the English word dental comes from the root of dēns, dentis.

C. Some words of the third declension have -ium in the genitive plural. These are called i-stem nouns of the third declension. There are two basic kinds of these nouns:

1. Parasyllabic nouns that have -is or -ēs in the nominative singular. Parasyllabic means that the noun has the same number of syllables in the nominative form and in the genitive form, e.g., panis, panis; ovis, ovis; collis, collis; vallis, vallis; nubēs, nubis. (You might want to note that canis, canis is an exception to this rule and takes a regular -um in the genitive plural.)

2. Monosyllabic nouns (one syllable in the nominative and in the stem) with

3. a stem in a double consonant, e.g., mōns, montis; dēns, dentis; nox, noctis.

D. The vocative case of third declension nouns is the same as the nominative.

II. ADJECTIVE AGREEMENT - Adjectives of the first and second declension, as magnus, magna, magnum, may describe a noun of the first, second or third declension. The noun and adjective endings will not be the same, but there must be the required agreement in case, number and gender, e.g., magna arbor, pāstor bonus, parva ovis

III. INTENSIVE PRONOUN - ipse, ipsa, ipsum - These emphasize a noun or pronoun. the basic meaning is "self", as "I myself", "you yourself", "he himself", "the shepherd himself", "she herself", "we ourselves", "they themselves", etc. Here is the chart. Note the similarities with the forms of is, ea, id; ille, illa, illud.

	Singular			Plural
	Masc	Fem	Neut	Masc	Fem	Neut
Nom	ipse	ipsa	ipsum	ipsī	ipsae	ipsa
Acc	ipsum	ipsam	ipsum	ipsōs	ipsās	ipsa
Gen	ipsīus	ipsīus	ipsīus	ipsīus	ipsīus	ipsīus
Dat	ipsī	ipsī	ipsī	ipsīs	ipsīs	ipsīs
Abl	ipsō	ipsā	ipsō	ipsīs	ipsīs	ipsīs

IV. The verbs, quaerere and petere both mean "to seek." Quaerere means to seek something not yet known or available. Petere means to seek something already known. It also means "to head for" or "attack."

V. IMPERATIVES - Some third conjugation verbs (dīcere, dūcere, facere) have irregular forms in the imperative. Here is a chart shown both the regular and the new irregular forms:

Conj	Sing	Plural	English
I	clamā	clamāte	Shout!
II	iacē	iacēte	Lie down!
	tergē	tergēte	Dry off!
III	quaere	quaerite	Seek!
	pete	petite	Seek!/Attack!
	eme	emite	Buy!
IV	reperī	reperīte	Find!
irreg.	dūc	dūcite	Lead!
	dīc	dīcite	Say!
	fac	facite	Do!/Make!